ex23-24 finished

ex23-24-25.md

@@ -1,20 +0,0 @@
-# Moran's I
-A measure of clustering for spatial data, defined as
-$$
-I = \frac{N}{W} \frac{\sum_{i=1}^N \sum_{j=1}^N w_{ij}(x_i-\overline{x})(x_j - \overline{x})}
-{\sum_{i=1}{N}(x_i - x)^2} 
-$$
-where
-- $N$ is the number of spacial units indexed by $i$ and $j$
-- $x$ is the variable of interest
-- $\overline{x}$ is the mean of $x$
-$w_{ij} are the elements of a matrix of spatial weights that denote adjacency
-- $W = \sum_{i=1}^N \sum_{j=1}^N w_{ij}$ is the sum of all $w_{ij}$
-
-It may be considered time series stationarity-agnostic as the calculation does not make assumptions about temporal behavior of the underlying data.
-The deviation from the global mean $\overline{x}$ is calculated at a snapshot in time and weighted by $w_{ij}$,
-resulting in a value that ranges from $[-1;1]$.
-
-## Sources
-- [https://doi.org/10.2307/2332142](http://www.stat.ucla.edu/~nchristo/statistics_c173_c273/moran_paper.pdf)
-- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moran%27s_I

ex23-24.Rmd

@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+---
+title: "Location Based Services Exercise 23/24"
+author: "Erik Neller"
+date: "`r Sys.Date()`"
+output: pdf_document
+---
+# Moran's I
+A measure of clustering for spatial data, defined as
+$$
+I = \frac{N}{W} \frac{\sum_{i=1}^N \sum_{j=1}^N w_{ij}(x_i-\overline{x})(x_j - \overline{x})}
+{\sum_{i=1}{N}(x_i - x)^2} 
+$$
+where
+- $N$ is the number of spacial units indexed by $i$ and $j$
+- $x$ is the variable of interest
+- $\overline{x}$ is the mean of $x$
+$w_{ij} are the elements of a matrix of spatial weights that denote adjacency
+- $W = \sum_{i=1}^N \sum_{j=1}^N w_{ij}$ is the sum of all $w_{ij}$
+
+It may be considered time series stationarity-agnostic as the calculation does not make assumptions about temporal behavior of the underlying data.
+The deviation from the global mean $\overline{x}$ is calculated at a snapshot in time and weighted by $w_{ij}$,
+resulting in a value that ranges from $[-1;1]$.
+
+## Sources
+- [https://doi.org/10.2307/2332142](http://www.stat.ucla.edu/~nchristo/statistics_c173_c273/moran_paper.pdf)
+- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moran%27s_I
+
+## Calculation
+
+```{r}
+library(spdep) # for moran calculation
+library(dplyr)
+european_iso2 <- c(
+  "AL", "AD", "AT", "BY", "BE", "BA", "BG", "HR", "CY", "CZ", "DK", "EE", "FI", "FR",
+  "DE", "GR", "HU", "IS", "IE", "IT", "XK", "LV", "LI", "LT", "LU", "MT", "MD", "MC",
+  "ME", "NL", "MK", "NO", "PL", "PT", "RO", "RU", "SM", "RS", "SK", "SI", "ES", "SE",
+  "CH", "UA", "GB", "VA")
+cities = read.csv('worldcities.csv')
+capitals <- cities %>% subset( capital == "primary") %>% subset(iso2 %in% european_iso2)
+gdp = read.csv('flat-ui__data-Mon Jan 12 2026.csv')
+result <- merge(capitals,gdp, by.x= 'iso3', by.y = 'Country.Code', all.x = TRUE)
+
+# Group by a unique identifier (e.g., iso3) and filter for the most recent year
+result <- result %>%
+  group_by(iso3) %>%  # Replace 'iso3' with the appropriate column for unique identification
+  slice(which.max(Year)) %>%
+  ungroup()
+
+# Convert the result dataframe to an sf object
+coordinates <- result %>% select(lng, lat)
+result_sf <- st_as_sf(result, coords = c("lng", "lat"), crs = 4326)
+
+# Create a spatial weights matrix using k-nearest neighbors
+k <- 5  # Number of nearest neighbors
+knn_nb <- knn2nb(knearneigh(coordinates, k = k))
+weights <- nb2listw(knn_nb, style = "W")
+
+# Ensure the variable of interest is numeric and handle NA values
+result_sf$gdp <- as.numeric(result_sf$`Value`)
+result_sf <- result_sf %>% na.omit()  # Remove rows with NA values
+
+# Calculate Moran's I
+n <- length(result_sf$gdp)
+s0 <- Szero(weights)
+moran_result <- moran(result_sf$gdp,n=n, weights, S0 = s0)
+print(moran_result)
+
+# Perform Monte Carlo simulation
+set.seed(123)  # For reproducibility
+moran_mc_result <- moran.mc(result_sf$gdp, listw = weights, nsim = 999)
+print(moran_mc_result)
+
+towrite <- result[, c('lat','lng', 'Value', 'city', 'iso3')]
+
+write.csv(towrite, file = 'gdp.csv')
+
+```
+
+# Interpretation
+Moran's I close to 0 is an indicator for low autocorrelation, meaning low clustering in the underlying data. The gdp does not seem to follow a clustering.

renv.lock

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
   "R": {
-    "Version": "4.5.1",
+    "Version": "4.5.2",
     "Repositories": [
       {
         "Name": "CRAN",
@@ -164,10 +164,10 @@
     },
     "Matrix": {
       "Package": "Matrix",
-      "Version": "1.7-3",
+      "Version": "1.7-4",
       "Source": "Repository",
       "VersionNote": "do also bump src/version.h, inst/include/Matrix/version.h",
-      "Date": "2025-03-05",
+      "Date": "2025-08-27",
       "Priority": "recommended",
       "Title": "Sparse and Dense Matrix Classes and Methods",
       "Description": "A rich hierarchy of sparse and dense matrix classes, including general, symmetric, triangular, and diagonal matrices with numeric, logical, or pattern entries.  Efficient methods for operating on such matrices, often wrapping the 'BLAS', 'LAPACK', and 'SuiteSparse' libraries.",
@@ -203,7 +203,7 @@
       "BuildResaveData": "no",
       "Encoding": "UTF-8",
       "NeedsCompilation": "yes",
-      "Author": "Douglas Bates [aut] (<https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8316-9503>), Martin Maechler [aut, cre] (<https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8685-9910>), Mikael Jagan [aut] (<https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3542-2938>), Timothy A. Davis [ctb] (<https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7614-6899>, SuiteSparse libraries, collaborators listed in dir(system.file(\"doc\", \"SuiteSparse\", package=\"Matrix\"), pattern=\"License\", full.names=TRUE, recursive=TRUE)), George Karypis [ctb] (<https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2753-1437>, METIS library, Copyright: Regents of the University of Minnesota), Jason Riedy [ctb] (<https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4345-4200>, GNU Octave's condest() and onenormest(), Copyright: Regents of the University of California), Jens Oehlschlägel [ctb] (initial nearPD()), R Core Team [ctb] (02zz1nj61, base R's matrix implementation)",
+      "Author": "Douglas Bates [aut] (ORCID: <https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8316-9503>), Martin Maechler [aut, cre] (ORCID: <https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8685-9910>), Mikael Jagan [aut] (ORCID: <https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3542-2938>), Timothy A. Davis [ctb] (ORCID: <https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7614-6899>, SuiteSparse libraries, collaborators listed in dir(system.file(\"doc\", \"SuiteSparse\", package=\"Matrix\"), pattern=\"License\", full.names=TRUE, recursive=TRUE)), George Karypis [ctb] (ORCID: <https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2753-1437>, METIS library, Copyright: Regents of the University of Minnesota), Jason Riedy [ctb] (ORCID: <https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4345-4200>, GNU Octave's condest() and onenormest(), Copyright: Regents of the University of California), Jens Oehlschlägel [ctb] (initial nearPD()), R Core Team [ctb] (ROR: <https://ror.org/02zz1nj61>, base R's matrix implementation)",
       "Maintainer": "Martin Maechler <mmaechler+Matrix@gmail.com>",
       "Repository": "CRAN"
     },
@@ -336,7 +336,8 @@
       "License": "GPL-2 | GPL-3",
       "URL": "http://www.rforge.net/base64enc",
       "NeedsCompilation": "yes",
-      "Repository": "CRAN"
+      "Repository": "CRAN",
+      "Encoding": "UTF-8"
     },
     "bit": {
       "Package": "bit",
@@ -405,6 +406,33 @@
       "Maintainer": "Michael Chirico <michaelchirico4@gmail.com>",
       "Repository": "CRAN"
     },
+    "boot": {
+      "Package": "boot",
+      "Version": "1.3-32",
+      "Source": "Repository",
+      "Priority": "recommended",
+      "Date": "2025-08-29",
+      "Authors@R": "c(person(\"Angelo\", \"Canty\", role = \"aut\", email = \"cantya@mcmaster.ca\",  comment = \"author of original code for S\"), person(\"Brian\", \"Ripley\", role = c(\"aut\", \"trl\"), email = \"Brian.Ripley@R-project.org\", comment = \"conversion to R, maintainer 1999--2022, author of parallel support\"), person(\"Alessandra R.\", \"Brazzale\", role = c(\"ctb\", \"cre\"), email = \"brazzale@stat.unipd.it\", comment = \"minor bug fixes\"))",
+      "Maintainer": "Alessandra R. Brazzale <brazzale@stat.unipd.it>",
+      "Note": "Maintainers are not available to give advice on using a package they did not author.",
+      "Description": "Functions and datasets for bootstrapping from the book \"Bootstrap Methods and Their Application\" by A. C. Davison and  D. V. Hinkley (1997, CUP), originally written by Angelo Canty for S.",
+      "Title": "Bootstrap Functions",
+      "Depends": [
+        "R (>= 3.0.0)",
+        "graphics",
+        "stats"
+      ],
+      "Suggests": [
+        "MASS",
+        "survival"
+      ],
+      "LazyData": "yes",
+      "ByteCompile": "yes",
+      "License": "Unlimited",
+      "NeedsCompilation": "no",
+      "Author": "Angelo Canty [aut] (author of original code for S), Brian Ripley [aut, trl] (conversion to R, maintainer 1999--2022, author of parallel support), Alessandra R. Brazzale [ctb, cre] (minor bug fixes)",
+      "Repository": "CRAN"
+    },
     "bslib": {
       "Package": "bslib",
       "Version": "0.9.0",
@@ -825,6 +853,32 @@
       "Maintainer": "Christoph Glur <christoph.glur@powerpartners.pro>",
       "Repository": "CRAN"
     },
+    "deldir": {
+      "Package": "deldir",
+      "Version": "2.0-4",
+      "Source": "Repository",
+      "Date": "2024-02-27",
+      "Title": "Delaunay Triangulation and Dirichlet (Voronoi) Tessellation",
+      "Author": "Rolf Turner",
+      "Maintainer": "Rolf Turner <rolfturner@posteo.net>",
+      "Depends": [
+        "R (>= 3.5.0)"
+      ],
+      "Suggests": [
+        "polyclip"
+      ],
+      "Imports": [
+        "graphics",
+        "grDevices"
+      ],
+      "Description": "Calculates the Delaunay triangulation and the Dirichlet or Voronoi tessellation (with respect to the entire plane) of a planar point set. Plots triangulations and tessellations in various ways.  Clips tessellations to sub-windows. Calculates perimeters of tessellations.  Summarises information about the tiles of the tessellation.\tCalculates the centroidal Voronoi (Dirichlet) tessellation using Lloyd's algorithm.",
+      "LazyData": "true",
+      "ByteCompile": "true",
+      "License": "GPL (>= 2)",
+      "NeedsCompilation": "yes",
+      "Repository": "CRAN",
+      "Encoding": "UTF-8"
+    },
     "digest": {
       "Package": "digest",
       "Version": "0.6.37",
@@ -949,7 +1003,7 @@
     },
     "e1071": {
       "Package": "e1071",
-      "Version": "1.7-16",
+      "Version": "1.7-17",
       "Source": "Repository",
       "Title": "Misc Functions of the Department of Statistics, Probability Theory Group (Formerly: E1071), TU Wien",
       "Imports": [
@@ -978,7 +1032,7 @@
       "License": "GPL-2 | GPL-3",
       "LazyLoad": "yes",
       "NeedsCompilation": "yes",
-      "Author": "David Meyer [aut, cre] (<https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5196-3048>), Evgenia Dimitriadou [aut, cph], Kurt Hornik [aut] (<https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4198-9911>), Andreas Weingessel [aut], Friedrich Leisch [aut], Chih-Chung Chang [ctb, cph] (libsvm C++-code), Chih-Chen Lin [ctb, cph] (libsvm C++-code)",
+      "Author": "David Meyer [aut, cre] (ORCID: <https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5196-3048>), Evgenia Dimitriadou [aut, cph], Kurt Hornik [aut] (ORCID: <https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4198-9911>), Andreas Weingessel [aut], Friedrich Leisch [aut], Chih-Chung Chang [ctb, cph] (libsvm C++-code), Chih-Chen Lin [ctb, cph] (libsvm C++-code)",
       "Maintainer": "David Meyer <David.Meyer@R-project.org>",
       "Repository": "CRAN",
       "Encoding": "UTF-8"
@@ -2350,11 +2404,11 @@
     },
     "proxy": {
       "Package": "proxy",
-      "Version": "0.4-27",
+      "Version": "0.4-29",
       "Source": "Repository",
       "Type": "Package",
       "Title": "Distance and Similarity Measures",
-      "Authors@R": "c(person(given = \"David\", family = \"Meyer\", role = c(\"aut\", \"cre\"), email = \"David.Meyer@R-project.org\"), person(given = \"Christian\", family = \"Buchta\", role = \"aut\"))",
+      "Authors@R": "c(person(given = \"David\", family = \"Meyer\", role = c(\"aut\", \"cre\"), email = \"David.Meyer@R-project.org\", comment = c(ORCID = \"0000-0002-5196-3048\")),\t     person(given = \"Christian\", family = \"Buchta\", role = \"aut\"))",
       "Description": "Provides an extensible framework for the efficient calculation of auto- and cross-proximities, along with implementations of the most popular ones.",
       "Depends": [
         "R (>= 3.4.0)"
@@ -2367,9 +2421,9 @@
         "cba"
       ],
       "Collate": "registry.R database.R dist.R similarities.R dissimilarities.R util.R seal.R",
-      "License": "GPL-2",
+      "License": "GPL-2 | GPL-3",
       "NeedsCompilation": "yes",
-      "Author": "David Meyer [aut, cre], Christian Buchta [aut]",
+      "Author": "David Meyer [aut, cre] (ORCID: <https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5196-3048>), Christian Buchta [aut]",
       "Maintainer": "David Meyer <David.Meyer@R-project.org>",
       "Repository": "CRAN",
       "Encoding": "UTF-8"
@@ -2850,7 +2904,7 @@
     },
     "sf": {
       "Package": "sf",
-      "Version": "1.0-21",
+      "Version": "1.0-23",
       "Source": "Repository",
       "Title": "Simple Features for R",
       "Authors@R": "c(person(given = \"Edzer\", family = \"Pebesma\", role = c(\"aut\", \"cre\"), email = \"edzer.pebesma@uni-muenster.de\", comment = c(ORCID = \"0000-0001-8049-7069\")), person(given = \"Roger\", family = \"Bivand\", role = \"ctb\", comment = c(ORCID = \"0000-0003-2392-6140\")), person(given = \"Etienne\", family = \"Racine\", role = \"ctb\"), person(given = \"Michael\", family = \"Sumner\", role = \"ctb\"), person(given = \"Ian\", family = \"Cook\", role = \"ctb\"), person(given = \"Tim\", family = \"Keitt\", role = \"ctb\"), person(given = \"Robin\", family = \"Lovelace\", role = \"ctb\"), person(given = \"Hadley\", family = \"Wickham\", role = \"ctb\"), person(given = \"Jeroen\", family = \"Ooms\", role = \"ctb\", comment = c(ORCID = \"0000-0002-4035-0289\")), person(given = \"Kirill\", family = \"M\\u00fcller\", role = \"ctb\"), person(given = \"Thomas Lin\", family = \"Pedersen\", role = \"ctb\"), person(given = \"Dan\", family = \"Baston\", role = \"ctb\"), person(given = \"Dewey\", family = \"Dunnington\", role = \"ctb\", comment = c(ORCID = \"0000-0002-9415-4582\")) )",
@@ -2918,7 +2972,7 @@
       ],
       "VignetteBuilder": "knitr",
       "Encoding": "UTF-8",
-      "RoxygenNote": "7.3.2",
+      "RoxygenNote": "7.3.3",
       "Config/testthat/edition": "2",
       "Config/needs/coverage": "XML",
       "SystemRequirements": "GDAL (>= 2.0.1), GEOS (>= 3.4.0), PROJ (>= 4.8.0), sqlite3",
@@ -2970,6 +3024,38 @@
       "Repository": "CRAN",
       "Encoding": "UTF-8"
     },
+    "spData": {
+      "Package": "spData",
+      "Version": "2.3.4",
+      "Source": "Repository",
+      "Title": "Datasets for Spatial Analysis",
+      "Authors@R": "c(person(\"Roger\", \"Bivand\", role = \"aut\", email=\"Roger.Bivand@nhh.no\", comment = c(ORCID = \"0000-0003-2392-6140\")), person(\"Jakub\", \"Nowosad\", role = c(\"aut\", \"cre\"), email=\"nowosad.jakub@gmail.com\", comment = c(ORCID = \"0000-0002-1057-3721\")), person(\"Robin\", \"Lovelace\", role = \"aut\", comment = c(ORCID = \"0000-0001-5679-6536\")), person(\"Angelos\", \"Mimis\", role = \"ctb\"), person(\"Mark\", \"Monmonier\", role = \"ctb\", comment = \"author of the state.vbm dataset\"),  person(\"Greg\", \"Snow\", role = \"ctb\", comment = \"author of the state.vbm dataset\") )",
+      "Description": "Diverse spatial datasets for demonstrating, benchmarking and teaching spatial data analysis.  It includes R data of class sf (defined by the package 'sf'), Spatial ('sp'), and nb ('spdep'). Unlike other spatial data packages such as 'rnaturalearth' and 'maps',  it also contains data stored in a range of file formats including GeoJSON and GeoPackage, but from version 2.3.4, no longer ESRI Shapefile - use GeoPackage instead.  Some of the datasets are designed to illustrate specific analysis techniques. cycle_hire() and cycle_hire_osm(), for example, is designed to illustrate point pattern analysis techniques.",
+      "Depends": [
+        "R (>= 3.3.0)"
+      ],
+      "Imports": [
+        "sp"
+      ],
+      "Suggests": [
+        "foreign",
+        "sf (>= 0.9-1)",
+        "spDataLarge (>= 0.4.0)",
+        "spdep",
+        "spatialreg"
+      ],
+      "License": "CC0",
+      "RoxygenNote": "7.3.2",
+      "LazyData": "true",
+      "URL": "https://jakubnowosad.com/spData/",
+      "BugReports": "https://github.com/Nowosad/spData/issues",
+      "Additional_repositories": "https://jakubnowosad.com/drat",
+      "Encoding": "UTF-8",
+      "NeedsCompilation": "no",
+      "Author": "Roger Bivand [aut] (<https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2392-6140>), Jakub Nowosad [aut, cre] (<https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1057-3721>), Robin Lovelace [aut] (<https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5679-6536>), Angelos Mimis [ctb], Mark Monmonier [ctb] (author of the state.vbm dataset), Greg Snow [ctb] (author of the state.vbm dataset)",
+      "Maintainer": "Jakub Nowosad <nowosad.jakub@gmail.com>",
+      "Repository": "CRAN"
+    },
     "spam": {
       "Package": "spam",
       "Version": "2.11-1",
@@ -3012,6 +3098,66 @@
       "Repository": "CRAN",
       "Encoding": "UTF-8"
     },
+    "spdep": {
+      "Package": "spdep",
+      "Version": "1.4-1",
+      "Source": "Repository",
+      "Date": "2025-08-25",
+      "Title": "Spatial Dependence: Weighting Schemes, Statistics",
+      "Encoding": "UTF-8",
+      "Authors@R": "c(person(\"Roger\", \"Bivand\", role = c(\"cre\", \"aut\"),  email = \"Roger.Bivand@nhh.no\", comment=c(ORCID=\"0000-0003-2392-6140\")), person(\"Micah\", \"Altman\", role = \"ctb\"), person(\"Luc\", \"Anselin\", role = \"ctb\"), person(\"Renato\", \"Assunção\", role = \"ctb\"), person(\"Anil\", \"Bera\", role = \"ctb\"), person(\"Olaf\", \"Berke\", role = \"ctb\"), person(\"F. Guillaume\", \"Blanchet\", role = \"ctb\"), person(\"Marilia\", \"Carvalho\", role = \"ctb\"), person(\"Bjarke\", \"Christensen\", role = \"ctb\"), person(\"Yongwan\", \"Chun\", role = \"ctb\"), person(\"Carsten\", \"Dormann\", role = \"ctb\"), person(\"Stéphane\", \"Dray\", role = \"ctb\"), person(\"Dewey\", \"Dunnington\", role = c(\"ctb\"), comment = c(ORCID = \"0000-0002-9415-4582\")), person(\"Virgilio\", \"Gómez-Rubio\", role = \"ctb\"), person(\"Malabika\", \"Koley\", role = \"ctb\"), person(\"Tomasz\", \"Kossowski\", role = \"ctb\", comment = c(ORCID = \"0000-0002-9976-4398\")), person(\"Elias\", \"Krainski\", role = \"ctb\"), person(\"Pierre\", \"Legendre\", role = \"ctb\"), person(\"Nicholas\", \"Lewin-Koh\", role = \"ctb\"), person(\"Angela\", \"Li\", role = \"ctb\"), person(\"Giovanni\", \"Millo\", role = \"ctb\"), person(\"Werner\", \"Mueller\", role = \"ctb\"), person(\"Hisaji\", \"Ono\", role = \"ctb\"), person(\"Josiah\", \"Parry\", role = \"ctb\", comment = c(ORCID = \"0000-0001-9910-865X\")), person(\"Pedro\", \"Peres-Neto\", role = \"ctb\"), person(\"Michał\", \"Pietrzak\", role = \"ctb\", comment = c(ORCID = \"0000-0002-9263-4478\")), person(\"Gianfranco\", \"Piras\", role = \"ctb\"), person(\"Markus\", \"Reder\", role = \"ctb\"), person(\"Jeff\", \"Sauer\", role = \"ctb\"), person(\"Michael\", \"Tiefelsdorf\", role = \"ctb\"), person(\"René\", \"Westerholt\", role=\"ctb\"), person(\"Justyna\", \"Wilk\", role = \"ctb\", comment = c(ORCID = \"0000-0003-1495-2910\")), person(\"Levi\", \"Wolf\", role = \"ctb\"), person(\"Danlin\", \"Yu\", role = \"ctb\"))",
+      "Depends": [
+        "R (>= 3.3.0)",
+        "methods",
+        "spData (>= 2.3.1)",
+        "sf"
+      ],
+      "Imports": [
+        "stats",
+        "deldir",
+        "boot (>= 1.3-1)",
+        "graphics",
+        "utils",
+        "grDevices",
+        "units",
+        "s2",
+        "e1071",
+        "sp (>= 1.0)"
+      ],
+      "Suggests": [
+        "spatialreg (>= 1.2-1)",
+        "Matrix",
+        "parallel",
+        "dbscan",
+        "RColorBrewer",
+        "lattice",
+        "xtable",
+        "foreign",
+        "igraph",
+        "RSpectra",
+        "knitr",
+        "classInt",
+        "tmap",
+        "spam",
+        "ggplot2",
+        "rmarkdown",
+        "tinytest",
+        "rgeoda (>= 0.0.11.1)",
+        "mipfp",
+        "Guerry",
+        "codingMatrices"
+      ],
+      "URL": "https://github.com/r-spatial/spdep/, https://r-spatial.github.io/spdep/",
+      "BugReports": "https://github.com/r-spatial/spdep/issues/",
+      "Description": "A collection of functions to create spatial weights matrix objects from polygon 'contiguities', from point patterns by distance and tessellations, for summarizing these objects, and for permitting their use in spatial data analysis, including regional aggregation by minimum spanning tree; a collection of tests for spatial 'autocorrelation', including global 'Morans I' and 'Gearys C' proposed by 'Cliff' and 'Ord' (1973, ISBN: 0850860369) and (1981, ISBN: 0850860814), 'Hubert/Mantel' general cross product statistic, Empirical Bayes estimates and 'Assunção/Reis' (1999) <doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0258(19990830)18:16%3C2147::AID-SIM179%3E3.0.CO;2-I> Index, 'Getis/Ord' G ('Getis' and 'Ord' 1992) <doi:10.1111/j.1538-4632.1992.tb00261.x> and multicoloured join count statistics, 'APLE' ('Li et al.' ) <doi:10.1111/j.1538-4632.2007.00708.x>, local 'Moran's I', 'Gearys C'  ('Anselin' 1995) <doi:10.1111/j.1538-4632.1995.tb00338.x> and 'Getis/Ord' G ('Ord' and 'Getis' 1995) <doi:10.1111/j.1538-4632.1995.tb00912.x>, 'saddlepoint' approximations ('Tiefelsdorf' 2002) <doi:10.1111/j.1538-4632.2002.tb01084.x> and exact tests for global and local 'Moran's I' ('Bivand et al.' 2009) <doi:10.1016/j.csda.2008.07.021> and 'LOSH' local indicators of spatial heteroscedasticity ('Ord' and 'Getis') <doi:10.1007/s00168-011-0492-y>. The implementation of most of these measures is described in 'Bivand' and 'Wong' (2018) <doi:10.1007/s11749-018-0599-x>, with further extensions in 'Bivand' (2022) <doi:10.1111/gean.12319>. 'Lagrange' multiplier tests for spatial dependence in linear models are provided ('Anselin et al'. 1996) <doi:10.1016/0166-0462(95)02111-6>, as are 'Rao' score tests for hypothesised spatial 'Durbin' models based on linear models ('Koley' and 'Bera' 2023) <doi:10.1080/17421772.2023.2256810>. Additions in 2024 include Local Indicators for Categorical Data based on 'Carrer et al.' (2021) <doi:10.1016/j.jas.2020.105306> and 'Bivand et al.' (2017) <doi:10.1016/j.spasta.2017.03.003>; also Weighted Multivariate Spatial Autocorrelation Measures ('Bavaud' 2024) <doi:10.1111/gean.12390>. <doi:10.1080/17421772.2023.2256810>. A local indicators for categorical data (LICD) implementation based on 'Carrer et al.' (2021)  <doi:10.1016/j.jas.2020.105306> and 'Bivand et al.' (2017)  <doi:10.1016/j.spasta.2017.03.003> was added in 1.3-7. Multivariate 'spatialdelta' ('Bavaud' 2024) <doi:10.1111/gean.12390> was added in 1.3-13 ('Bivand' 2025 <doi:10.26034/la.cdclsl.2025.8343>. From 'spdep' and 'spatialreg' versions >= 1.2-1, the model fitting functions previously present in this package are defunct in 'spdep' and may be found in 'spatialreg'.",
+      "License": "GPL (>= 2)",
+      "VignetteBuilder": "knitr",
+      "RoxygenNote": "RoxygenNote: 6.1.1",
+      "NeedsCompilation": "yes",
+      "Author": "Roger Bivand [cre, aut] (ORCID: <https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2392-6140>), Micah Altman [ctb], Luc Anselin [ctb], Renato Assunção [ctb], Anil Bera [ctb], Olaf Berke [ctb], F. Guillaume Blanchet [ctb], Marilia Carvalho [ctb], Bjarke Christensen [ctb], Yongwan Chun [ctb], Carsten Dormann [ctb], Stéphane Dray [ctb], Dewey Dunnington [ctb] (ORCID: <https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9415-4582>), Virgilio Gómez-Rubio [ctb], Malabika Koley [ctb], Tomasz Kossowski [ctb] (ORCID: <https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9976-4398>), Elias Krainski [ctb], Pierre Legendre [ctb], Nicholas Lewin-Koh [ctb], Angela Li [ctb], Giovanni Millo [ctb], Werner Mueller [ctb], Hisaji Ono [ctb], Josiah Parry [ctb] (ORCID: <https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9910-865X>), Pedro Peres-Neto [ctb], Michał Pietrzak [ctb] (ORCID: <https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9263-4478>), Gianfranco Piras [ctb], Markus Reder [ctb], Jeff Sauer [ctb], Michael Tiefelsdorf [ctb], René Westerholt [ctb], Justyna Wilk [ctb] (ORCID: <https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1495-2910>), Levi Wolf [ctb], Danlin Yu [ctb]",
+      "Maintainer": "Roger Bivand <Roger.Bivand@nhh.no>",
+      "Repository": "CRAN"
+    },
     "stringi": {
       "Package": "stringi",
       "Version": "1.8.7",
@@ -3577,7 +3723,7 @@
     },
     "wk": {
       "Package": "wk",
-      "Version": "0.9.4",
+      "Version": "0.9.5",
       "Source": "Repository",
       "Title": "Lightweight Well-Known Geometry Parsing",
       "Authors@R": "c( person(given = \"Dewey\", family = \"Dunnington\", role = c(\"aut\", \"cre\"), email = \"dewey@fishandwhistle.net\", comment = c(ORCID = \"0000-0002-9415-4582\")), person(given = \"Edzer\", family = \"Pebesma\", role = c(\"aut\"), email = \"edzer.pebesma@uni-muenster.de\", comment = c(ORCID = \"0000-0001-8049-7069\")), person(given = \"Anthony\", family = \"North\", email = \"anthony.jl.north@gmail.com\", role = c(\"ctb\")) )",
@@ -3585,7 +3731,7 @@
       "Description": "Provides a minimal R and C++ API for parsing well-known binary and well-known text representation of geometries to and from R-native formats. Well-known binary is compact and fast to parse; well-known text is human-readable and is useful for writing tests. These formats are useful in R only if the information they contain can be accessed in R, for which high-performance functions are provided here.",
       "License": "MIT + file LICENSE",
       "Encoding": "UTF-8",
-      "RoxygenNote": "7.2.3",
+      "RoxygenNote": "7.3.2",
       "Suggests": [
         "testthat (>= 3.0.0)",
         "vctrs (>= 0.3.0)",
@@ -3601,7 +3747,7 @@
       ],
       "LazyData": "true",
       "NeedsCompilation": "yes",
-      "Author": "Dewey Dunnington [aut, cre] (<https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9415-4582>), Edzer Pebesma [aut] (<https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8049-7069>), Anthony North [ctb]",
+      "Author": "Dewey Dunnington [aut, cre] (ORCID: <https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9415-4582>), Edzer Pebesma [aut] (ORCID: <https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8049-7069>), Anthony North [ctb]",
       "Repository": "CRAN"
     },
     "xfun": {
@@ -3669,7 +3815,8 @@
       "URL": "https://github.com/vubiostat/r-yaml/",
       "BugReports": "https://github.com/vubiostat/r-yaml/issues",
       "NeedsCompilation": "yes",
-      "Repository": "CRAN"
+      "Repository": "RSPM",
+      "Encoding": "UTF-8"
     }
   }
 }